Drosophila SPATZLE Processing pathway

Taxon: D. melanogaster
Process: Signalling
Submitter: Abibatou MBODJ and Denis THIEFFRY

Supporting paper: Mbodj, Abibatou and Junion, Guillaume and Brun, Christine and Furlong, Eileen E. M. and Thieffry, Denis (2013). Logical modelling of Drosophila signalling pathways. Molecular BioSystems. 10.1039/c3mb70187e

Model file(s) Description(s)
Spz__Processing_12Jun2013.zginml GINsim file for Drosophila SPZ Processing pathway
Spz_Pathway_Documentation_11May2013.pdf Drosophila SPZ Processing pathway model documentation

Summary:
During DV patterning, a regulatory cascades composed by three dorsal group genes gastrulation-defective, snake and easter, encoding serine proteases, lead to the cleavage of Spatzle (SPZ), that in turn activates the Toll-dorsal signaling pathway 1 2. Spatzle presumably forms a gradient in the perivitelline fluid. Toll signaling is ultimately responsible for the formation of the embryonic dorsal nuclear gradient. In the nucleus, dorsal controls the expression of zygotic genes in a concentration-dependent manner and this process results in the patterning of the dorsal–ventral embryonic axis. twist is one of the earliest target genes controlled by the highest concentration of dorsal in the mesodermal cells. It is a transcriptional activator that cooperates with dorsal in activating snail in the mesoderm. Dorsal and Twist also cooperate to activate the neurogenic gene, sim (single minded), expressed in the neurectoderm and repressed by Snail in the mesoderm. Natural or experimentally induced infections by fungi or bacteria elicit a specific response in both adult flies and larvae. The proteoglycans of Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria are sensed by distinct pattern recognition proteins called PGRPs (peptidoglycan recognition proteins 3. Different PRGPs cooperate to activate the Toll pathway. The activation of PGRP-SA by Gram- positive bacteria leads to Spatzle cleavage 4. Fungal infection also leads to the cleavage of Spatzle, but the proteolytic cascade in this case involves the circulating serine protease Persephone and its serine protease inhibitor, Necrotic 5 6 7. Circulating PGRP-SA receptor activates the Toll pathway upon detection of Lysine-type PGN which is a major component of the cell wall of many Gram-positive bacterial strains. GNBP1 (Gram-Negative Binding Protein 1) associates with PGRP-SA and this complex activates a downstream proteolytic cascade that leads to the cleavage of Spatzle, which then activates the Toll transmembrane receptor. In addition, four other serine proteases, namely Spirit, Spheroide, and Sphinx1 and 2, were identified in response to both fungi and Gram-positive bacteria infections. Thus, PGRP-SA and GNBP1 define a Gram-positive-specific branch of Toll receptor activation. PGRP-SD also belongs to this branch and is required for the detection of other Gram-positive and negative bacterial strains. In short, the maturation of SPZ activates Toll in both early embryo and immune response and is controlled by different sets of proteases 8 9. To reproduce biological data during SPZ processing, we define four initial states corresponding the biological process involved. All these initial state lead to the formation of the active form of SPZ.

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